Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Information

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine (GHK) is a naturally occurring human tripeptide, meaning it's a small protein fragment made up of three amino acids: Glycine, L-Histidine, and L-Lysine, joined in that specific sequence (Gly-His-Lys).

It is found in human plasma, saliva, and urine, but its concentration in the plasma declines significantly with age. GHK is particularly well-known for its strong affinity for copper ions, with which it readily forms a complex known as GHK-Cu or Copper Peptide. This copper-peptide complex is the active form used in most research and commercial products, especially in skincare and wound healing.

Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine (GHK) is a naturally occurring human tripeptide, meaning it's a small protein fragment made up of three amino acids: Glycine, L-Histidine, and L-Lysine, joined in that specific sequence (Gly-His-Lys).

 

It is found in human plasma, saliva, and urine, but its concentration in the plasma declines significantly with age. GHK is particularly well-known for its strong affinity for copper ions, with which it readily forms a complex known as GHK-Cu or Copper Peptide. This copper-peptide complex is the active form used in most research and commercial products, especially in skincare and wound healing.

 

How Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine (GHK-Cu) Works?

The mechanism of action for GHK, particularly when complexed with copper (GHK-Cu), is multi-faceted and primarily involves regulating cellular and genetic activity, especially those related to tissue repair, anti-aging, and anti-inflammation.

 

1. Copper Delivery and Regulation

The primary function of GHK is thought to be the delivery and regulation of copper ions to cells and tissues.7 Copper is an essential micronutrient and cofactor for many enzymes involved in crucial biological processes, including:

• Collagen and Elastin Synthesis: Copper is required for the enzyme lysyl oxidase, which cross-links collagen and elastin fibers, providing strength and elasticity to tissues like the skin.

• Antioxidant Defense: Copper is a cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD).

 

2. Tissue Remodeling and Regeneration

GHK-Cu accelerates tissue repair and remodeling in various tissues (skin, hair follicles, bone, etc.) by:

• Stimulating Production: It stimulates the synthesis of key extracellular matrix components like collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (e.g., hyaluronic acid, which help keep tissue hydrated).

• Modulating Enzymes: It helps to modulate the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (which break down proteins) and their inhibitors (TIMPs), suggesting a role in controlling both the breakdown of damaged tissue and the formation of new, healthy tissue.

• Angiogenesis: It promotes angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) and nerve outgrowth, which are vital for healing and tissue health.

 

3. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects

GHK-Cu has powerful protective effects:

• Antioxidant Activity: It acts as an antioxidant, helping to neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce oxidative stress, which contributes to aging and tissue damage.

• Anti-inflammatory Effects: It demonstrates anti-inflammatory actions, suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which helps calm and repair damaged skin and tissues.

 

4. Gene Modulation

Recent research suggests one of the most significant mechanisms is its ability to modulate the expression of a large number of human genes (potentially thousands). This gene modulation essentially helps to reset gene expression patterns from a damaged or aged state back to a healthier, more youthful state, influencing various biological pathways related to cell survival, anti-cancer activity, and tissue repair.